I Cloze: 20 points

    union    s are organizations of workers that bargain with employers for economic and job benefits. They exist to create   1   and economic power against private management and the   2   to achieve their goals. These goals are primarily higher 3   , better working conditions, and job security.   4   organized to achieve these goals are usually complex in their social and psychological detail。

    union     movements occurred in the   5   half of the 1700s in the U.S. Carpenters, printers, and shoemakers formed organizations as early as 1791 in Philadelphia, Boston and New York. These   6   in most cases over social and economic  7  between workers and employers when rapid  8  in a young development country began to break down the familiar modes of   9  and the close ties between workers and employers。

    A long, hard drive for legalization of union      10   union    s fought with companies and  11  courts for legitimacy and status. union    s were  12  as a threat to free enterprise and private property, and   13   to political and economic stability. They were also considered radical, and companies resisted them  14 . Violent conducts were frequent on both sides. The government at times moved in state police to suppress the more   15   conflicts. union     workers themselves often punished other workers who did not back their policies。英语学习 英语考试 英语等级考试 英语培训http://english.533.com

    union    s in the U.S. have always   16   a practical direction. They have not adopted radical ideologies or   17   goals. A major force in union     organizing in the early part of the century, Samuel Gompers, took a practical approach. He  18  “bread and butter union    ism” or “pure and simple union    ism。” He was interested in immediate, practical gains—higher wages and shorter  19  . He sided with no political party, only   20   politicians who could help。

    1. A. political      B. principal     C. crucial     D. communal

    2. A. department     B. government    C. section     D. compartment

    3. A. position       B. rank          C. wages       D. benefits

    4. A. Arrangements   B. Adjustments   C. Dynamics    D. Movements

    5. A. latter         B. former        C. early       D. later

    6. A. arouse         B. arose         C. arised      D. aroused

    7. A. contradiction  B. dispute       C. conflict    D. debate

    8. A. improvements   B. rhythm        C. pace        D. alterations

    9. A. production     B. living        C. communication    D. commerce

    10. A. pursued       B. followed     

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